Brown spots that appear on the surface of the skin are known as chloasma (also melasma).These can occur for many reasons. One risk of over exposure to sun is the discoloration known as solar lentigenes, also known as sun spots or age spots. On lighter skin types, solar lentigenes appear as small brown blotches of freckling that grow over time.

Brown patches of skin can also occur as a result of birth control pills or pregnancy, in which cases the discoloration is referred to as hormone masking.

Regardless of the particulars, the essence is the same: hyperpigmentation. Melanin is the chemical that gives skin its color and is created by synthesis procedure in the skin.

When it comes to deciding a treatment, one major consideration to take into account is the depth of the discoloration. In the majority of cases the discoloration is merely superficial. In exceptional cases, the discoloration lies deeper within the dermis (second layer). If the pigment is located within the epidermis, it can be controlled with skin-lightening agents. If the pigment is deeper rooted, laser treatments can be a consideration.

Procedure

Pigment in the dermis does not react well to lightening agents. Resurfacing procedures like chemical peels and laser treatments may help in some instances but the results are inconsistent and problems may arise. Furthemore, laser treatments of this kind are seldom an option for people with darker skins. However, when laser treatments are appropriates they are particularly effective in altering the appearance of the skin.

Three main treatments involving skin lightening agents are based on the chemicals hydroquinone, tRetinoin and AHAs.

Over-the-counter skin-lightening agents will often contain around 2% hydroquinone, while physicians can administer 4% concentrations. hydroquinone is a strong regulator of melanin synthesis, meaning that it lightens skin pigment. hydroquinone does not bleach the skin but rather disrupts the process of melanin hyperpigmentation.

Strict use of a sun block with UVA-protecting ingredients is the first line of defense when tackling skin discolorations. Many specialists feel that 2% to 4% hydroquinone concentrated lotions can be more beneficial when combined with Retin-A or Renova and AHAs. Higher concentrations of hydroquinone are only available from a physician and can possibly help deeper causes of pigment discoloration, although again they can pose problems for darker skin. It is also highly recommended to consider chemical peels or laser treatments to lighten skin discoloration.

Some concerns about the safety of hydroquinone have been expressed, but the research so far indicates reactions are minor or a result of using high concentrations

hydroquinone is an unstable ingredient and must be kept under strict conditions to ensure no exposure to sunlight or air, which can have a startling effect on the already volatile substance. It is essential, when considering a hydroquinone product, to ensure it is packaged in a non-transparent container that blocks light and minimizes air exposure. hydroquinone products packaged in jars are not beneficial, because they become ineffective shortly after.

A great body of academic research suggests that the use of tRetinoin (all-trans Retinoic acid) is particularly effective in treating skin discoloration. However, the responsiveness to this treatment is less than with hydroquinone or other agents. Results can also take significantly longer with tRetinoin than with other agents, requiring at least six to eight months or so before the effects can be seen. For this reason, tRetinoin is generally not recommended as the only option for skin discoloration, although it can be used effectively as part of a combination. Even though tRetinoin can have less than satisfactory results for skin lightening, that should not detract the role it plays in the improvement in skin's cell production, collagen production, elasticity, texture, and dermal thickness.

Another agent is known as AHAs, or alpha hydroxyl acid which are usually found in concentrations of 4% to 10% are not effective for regulating melanin synthesis or skin discolorations. However, there is evidence to suggest that in combination these can be more effective.

Risks Involved

As with all procedures, skin lightening carry some risks. It is normally a safe procedure when performed by a fully qualified, experienced medical professional. However, whilst infrequent, some unpredictability or results, or complications are possible..
Patients in a limited number of cases may suffer from uneven pigmentation or coloration as a result of these chemical processes. They may also have to rely on a combination of these agents to produce effective results.
During your initial consultation process, it is beneficial to discuss your expectations with your physician, asking any questions or expressing any concerns you may have about the procedure, its aim or the risks involved. Your plastic surgeon will explain the procedure in depth, covering the risks and benefits of the treament, the recovery period and post- treatment care. If you have a history of herpes, you should inform your plastic surgeon prior to treatment. Please also remember chemical peel treatments are usually not covered by health insurance unless they are performed for medically related problems.

By nature, all medical procedures carry an element of risk. Before embarking on any medical procedure, it is advisable to consult fully with the Mclean Academy so that our qualified staff can suitably discuss any risk or concerns that your procedure may pose. Skin Lightening Agents are a non surgical procedure with very minimal risks.